공(公)담소(discourse)

I hope you to become a doctor. (OX)

I hope she were here. (OX)

Do you want that i make you some coffee? (OX)

I wish the weather’s fine tomorrow. (OX)

<요약>

★want 목적어

★want to부정사

★want 목적어 to부정사

★want 목적어 보어

※want ~ing = want to be p.p : 필요하다

★hope for 목적어

★hope for 목적어 + to부정사

★hope to부정사 ('주어가 ~하기를 희망한다'라는 의미를 가리킬 때 사용)

★hope that

★wish to 부정사

★wish 목적어 to 부정사

※ wish 목적어(X)

★wish 간목 + 직목

★wish that 가정법 동사

★want 목적어

I want some chocolate.

★want to부정사

What do you want to eat? 

★want 목적어 to부정사

You don’t want your writing to be too informal and colloquial.

★want 목적어 보어

They wanted him alive.

※want ~ing = want to be p.p : 필요하다

 - need와 같은 의미일 경우 사용

That car wants a clean.

This coat wants cleaning (= This coat wants to be cleaned).

※want 다음에는 that 절 안 씀.

★hope for 목적어

We hope for good weather on Sunday.

★hope for 목적어 + to부정사

★hope to부정사 ('주어가 ~하기를 희망한다'라는 의미를 가리킬 때 사용)

 They hope to restore integrity to dealings with patients.

 I hope to become a doctor.

★hope that

I hope you become a doctor.

The scientists hope their discovery will prolong the harvests of crops in regions that are susceptible to flooding.

※hope 목적어(X)

※hope 목적어 + to부정사(X)-I hope you to become a doctor.(X)

★wish to 부정사

I wish to speak to Mr Hennessy, please.

★wish 목적어 to 부정사

※ wish 목적어(X)

★wish 간목 + 직목

I wish you success in your new job.

★wish (that) 가정법 

I just wish that everything could be as it used to be.

I wish she were here.

※wish 와 hope의 경우

hope은 that 다음 가정법을 못 씀.

반면 wish 는 that 다음 미래(시제)에 관한 이야기나 과거(시제)를 못 씀.

I hope she were here.(X)

I hope the weather’s fine tomorrow.

I wish the weather’s fine tomorrow. (X)

I hope they didn’t miss their flight.

I wish they didn’t miss their flight. (X)

우선 문제를 풀면서 생각 

옳게 작문한 것은?

(04입시)26. 내 여자친구는 인상이 좋기 때문에 내 부모님께 소개시켜드리는 것이 두렵지 않다.

① I'm not afraid to introduce my girlfriend to my parents in that she has a good impression.

② I'm not afraid that I should introduce my girlfriend to my parents due to her good impression. 

③ I'm not afraid to introduce my girlfriend to my parents because she makes a good impression. 

④ I'm not afraid of introducing my girlfriend to my parents because she has a good impression.

⑤ I'm not afraid to have introduced my girlfriend to my parents since she has made a good impression.

정답은 아래.

afraid에 관해 ( 유감표현과 두려움을 나타낼 때 구분)

1)    I’m afraid (that) = I am sorry :~해서 유감이다

I’m afraid (that) I can’t help you.

     2) 미안하거나 유감인 상황에 대해 말할 떄 

I'm afraid not. (부정의 대답)  I'm afraid so. (긍정의 대답)

Can you lend me your bike? (자전거 줌 빌려줄 수 잇니?) -> I'm afraid not. (미안하지만 안 돼)

It's going to snow. (눈이 온데)-> Yes, I'm afraid so. (응, 그렇데ㅜㅜ)

3)    afraid toR, afraid of ~ing : 두려움을 나타낼 때 표현: 둘 다 무방

I'm not afraid to introduce my girlfriend to my parents because she makes a good impression.

I'm not afraid of introducing my girlfriend to my parents because she make a good impression.

4)    명사 앞에는 못 쓴다.  ( a- 류 형용사)

 Harry’s afraid. 

Harry’s a frightened man. (Harry's afraid man) 

정답: ③

have a good impression 이란 표현 X

make a good impression : 좋은 인상을 주다.

★result in~을 야기하다 (해석상 그대로 풀면 됨. 수동태 불가) 

     ◎ = cause = lead to = give rise to      

◎ 원인 result in 결과

◎ 수동태 안됨. *자동사

★result from ~로부터 발생하다  (전치사의 의미를 잘 활용하여 해석)

  결과 result from 원인

원인과 결과를 외우는 수고를 하지 않는다. 단어 뜻과 전치사 뜻을 안다면 저절로 알 수 있다.

◎ result from 인지 result in 인지 잘 파악하다

 By some estimates, deforestation has been resulted in the loss of as much as eighty percent of the natural forests of the world.     (X)  수동태 안됨

<당신은 변화의 고통을 겪을 수 있거나, 아니면 당신의 모습을 유지하는 것에 고통을 겪을 수 있습니다.>

★suffer ~을 겪다

He suffered a massive heart attack.

★suffer from   ~로부터 고통을 받다

◎자동사로 취급, 수동태 불가

The whole family is suffered from the flu. (X)
-> The whole family suffered from the flue.

도치란?

간단히 주어 동사가 바뀌는 문장이라고 생각하면 된다.

그러면 도치는 언제 일어나는 것일까?

다음과 같은 경우에 도치가 발생한다. (우리 말과 많이 다르기 때문에 많은 연습이 필요.)

1. 의문문

2. so, neither, nor: 앞 말을 대신 받을 때

★3. as, than, so

★★4. 가정법 도치

★★★5. 부정의어구

6. 장소를 나타내는 어구가 앞에 올 경우. here, there 쓸 경우 많이 쓰임

7. ‘누군가 말했다’와 같은 표현 시 도치: said, asked, suggested... etc <- 독해시 필요

inversion.pdf

1. 의문문 (생략)

2. so, neither, nor: 앞 말을 대신 받을 때

I don’t like opera. -> Neither do I.

so에 관한 예문↓↓↓↓

2018/08/24 - [영어공부/영어 일반 & 영어단어] - so 와 such 의 차이, + much

★3. as, than, so

She was very religious, as were most of her friends.

City dwellers have a higher death rate than do country people.

So ridiculous did she look that everybody burst out laughing.

★4. 가정법 도치

가정법 과거:    과거형 + 주어(S),

가정법 과거완료: Had + S + p.p,

should 도치: Should + S + V, ~V한다면

<18서9>문 7. 어법상 옳은 것은? ① Please contact to me at the email address I gave you last week. ② Were it not for water, all living creatures on earth would be extinct. ③ The laptop allows people who is away from their offices to continue to work. ④ The more they attempted to explain their mistakes, the worst their story sounded.

① (contact me) ②가정법 과거 도치(맞게 씀) ③ 선행사 people 이 복수이므로 is -> are ④ the 비교급, the 비교급 (the worst -> the worse)

<13국7> 문 8. 우리말을 영어로 바르게 옮긴 것은? ① 우리가 공항에 도착할 무렵, 비행기는 이미 이륙했다. →By the time we had arrived at the airport, the flight already took off. ② 당신이 바쁘지 않으면 오늘 저녁에 당신 집에 들르겠다. →I'll drop by your place this evening lest you should be busy. ③ 그녀가 콘서트에 왔었다면 좋아했을 것이다. →Had she come to the concert, she would have enjoyed it. ④ 그는 의사로서 자질이 없다. →He is cut out to be a doctor.

① (비행기 이륙한 게 먼저이므로 we arrived~, the flight had already taken off.)  ② (lest -> if you are not busy) ③가정법 과거완료 도치(맞음) ④ 자질이 있다라는 의미 ( cut out for ~에 적합하다)

<12국7>문 11. ① 예의상 나는 그녀의 제안을 거절할 수 없었다. → For courtesy's sake I couldn't but refuse her offer. ② 몸무게 증가가 이 치료법의 또 다른 부작용이다. → Weight gain is another side effect of this treatment. ③ 그 책이 있었다면, 너에게 빌려줄 수 있었을 텐데. → Had I had the book, I could have lent it to you. ④ 사람들은 공공장소에서의 흡연자들을 덜 용인하고 있다. → People are less tolerant of smokers in public places.

① cannot but R : ~하지 않을 수 없다 (영어의미: 거절했다)

<09국7> 문 16. 다음 중 문법적으로 옳지 않은 것은? ① Had the computer parts been delivered earlier, we could have been able to complete the project on time. ② In spite of the fact that he is generally sincere and honest, the head is not likely to forgive his fault this time. ③ The maintenance team has completely upgraded our system's software, but whether it protects us from these new computer viruses is another matter. ④ His forecasts of the economy are much more positive than that of many analysts, who fear the country is going into a recession.

④(that -> those: forecasts를 받으므로)

<14서9>11. ___________ test positive for antibiotics when tanker trucks arrive at a milk processing plant, according to the Federal Law, the entire truckload must be discarded. ① Should milk ② If milk ③ If milk is ④ Were milk ⑤ Milk will

 ② 동사가 tests여야 함 ③ 동사(test)가 이미 있음 ④ 말도 안 됨 ⑤ 문장이 접속사 없이 두 개 ①의미상 문형상 정답

★★5. 부정의어구

hardly, seldom, rarely, little(조금도 ~않다), never; only+시간표현

not until(~하고서야 비로소 ~하다), under no circumstance, on no account(결코 ~않다)

At no time was the President aware of what was happening.

그 회의 후에야 그는 금융 위기의 심각성을 알아차렸다 ->Only after the meeting did he recognize the seriousness of the financial crisis.

Only after her death was I able to appreciate her.

<17국9> 문 6. 어법상 옳지 않은 것은? ① A few words caught in passing set me thinking. ② Hardly did she enter the house when someone turned on the light. ③ We drove on to the hotel, from whose balcony we could look down at the town. ④ The homeless usually have great difficulty getting a job, so they are losing their hope.

② did -> had she entered

<13국회9>6. 다음 문장을 가장 자연스럽게 옮긴 것은?우리는 건강을 잃고 나서야 비로소 건강의 가치를 깨닫는다.

① It is not until we lose our health that we realize the value of it. ② No sooner had we realized the value of our health when we lost it. ③ We will realize the value of our health even though we lose it. ④ It will not be long before we realize the value of our health. ⑤ Our ill health prevents us from realizing the value of it.

①

<16국회9>15. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 문법상 옳지 않은 것을 고르시오.

①Although there ②had been resistance to the high rate of immigration during the nineteenth century, only in the early twentieth century ③was several laws ④passed that restricted both the number of people who could come to the United States and where they could come ⑤from.

③ was -> were 주어가 복수(several laws)

<15지7> 문4. ① He is alleged that he has hit a police officer. ② Tom got his license taken away for driving too fast. ③ The building was destroyed in a fire, the cause of which was never confirmed. ④ Under no circumstances can a customer’s money be refunded.

① allege는 사람이 주어일 경우 to부정사를 받고, that 절을 쓰려면 it is alleged로.

<11국7>문 4. 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 옳지 않은 것은?

A few weeks earlier I had awoken just after dawn to find the bed beside me ①empty. I got up and found Jenny sitting in her bathrobe at the glass table on the screened porch of our little bungalow, bent over the newspaper with a pen in her hand. There was ②nothing unusual about the scene. Not only ③were the Palm Beach Post our local paper, it was also the source of half of our household income. We were a two-newspapercareer couple. Jenny worked as a feature writer in the Post's “Accent” section; I was a news reporter at the ④competing paper in the area, the South Florida SunSentinel, based an hour south in Fort Lauderdale.

③ were-> was 주어가 단수이므로

<16국7> 문 9. ① Hardly had the new recruits started training when they were sent into battle. ② Disagreements over the treaty arose among the indigenous peoples of Africa. ③ If I had enough money, I would have bought a fancy yacht. ④ Do you want me to come with you, or do you want to go alone?

③ (would have bought -> would buy) or (had -> had had enough)

cf. not far, not long 도치 X

Not far from here you can see foxes.

Not long after that she got married.

 6. 장소를 나타내는 어구가 앞에 올 경우. here, there 쓸 경우 많이 쓰임

Under a tree was lying one of the biggest men I had ever seen.

On the grass sat an enormous frog.

There goes your brother. (대명사일 경우 도치 불가)

Her comes Freddy!

7. ‘누군가 말했다’와 같은 표현 시 도치: said, asked, suggested... etc <- 독해시 필요

<16국7> Eating seasonally and locally is a great way to maintain a healthy diet, observes a veteran food consultant and Korea's first accredited vegetable sommelier.

 베테랑인 음식 컨설턴트이자 처음으로 한국에서 공인된 채소 소물리에가 말했다.

다음과 같은 형용사가 올 때

1)easy, hard, difficult, impossible, good, ready, nice

2)enough and too다음 형용사

※ To부정사의 (전치사의) 목적어가 주어로 올 때. 목적어 자리는 빈 상태로 놔둔다

-> 주어와 to부정사의 목적어가 다르면 그냥 둔다 (당연한 소리-아래 문제 참고<09지7> 문 11)

빈 자리에 목적어를 채우면 틀림.

He’s easy to please.    

(= To please him is easy. or It is easy to please him.)

Japanese is difficult for Europeans to learn.

(= It is difficult for Europeans to learn Japanese.)

His theory is impossible to understand.

(= It is impossible to understand his theory)

Are these berries good to eat?  

The apples ripe enough to pick.

The letters are ready to sign. 

The box was too heavy to lift.

She's nice to talk to. (She's nice to talk to her. X)

He’s very easy to get on with.

It’s not a bad place to live in.

<기출문제>

<14지7>문 12. 

① 그 가방은 너무 무거워서 내가 들어 올릴 수 없었다. →The bag was too heavy for me to lift it. 

② 그녀가 너무 꼴불견이어서 모든 사람들이 갑자기 웃기 시작 했다. →So ridiculous did she look that everybody burst out laughing. 

③ 그가 집 밖으로 나오는 것이 목격되었다. →He was seen to come out of the house. 

④ 나는 저 아이를 재울 수가 없다. →I can't get that child to go to bed.

① ( lift it -> lift : 위 설명) 

<09지7> 문 11. 우리말을 영어로 잘못 옮긴 것은?

① 나는 기꺼이 그것을 받아들이겠다.→ I am only too glad to accept it.

② 그녀는 전적으로 행복한 것은 아니다.→ She is not at all happy.

③ 그러한 사람은 있다고 해도 거의 없다.→ There are few, if any, such men.

④ 비용은 말할 것도 없고 시간도 많이 걸린다.→ It takes up too much time, let alone the expenses.

① (주어와 to부정사의 목적어가 다를 경우)     ② not at all은 전체 부정. 부분 부정 필요. She is not necessarily happy.

<07국7> 문 9. 다음 중 우리말을 영어로 잘못 옮긴 것은? 

① 그는 머리가 둔하다기보다는 교육을 받지 못했다. → He is not so much unintelligent as uneducated. 

② 그가 배움을 갖기에 너무 늙은 것은 아니다. → He is not too old to learn. 

③ 지금쯤 잠자리에 들었어야 할 시간이다. → It is time you went to bed. 

④ 그는 우리에게 했던 무례한 행동으로 후회하고 있다. → He is regrettable for his rude behavior to us.

④ regrettable은 후회를 야기시키는 것에 쓰임. regretful :후회를 느낄 때

<16국7> 문 10. 우리말을 영어로 가장 잘 옮긴 것은? 

① 어떤 교수의 스타일에 적응하는 데는 항상 시간이 좀 걸린다. →Time always takes little to tune in on a professor's style. ② 나는 마지막 순간까지 기다렸다가 밤을 새우는 데 익숙해있다. →I'm used to waiting until the last minute and staying up all night. 

③ 그 수학 문제는 너무 어려워서 그 학생이 답을 할 수 없었다. →The math question was too tough for the student to answer it. 

④ 나는 너무 많은 시간의 힘든 일로 정말 지쳤다. →Too many hours of hard work really tired of me.

① (little -> a little : little 부정을 의미) ③ (answer it -> answer : 위 설명)  ④ ( tired of me -> tired me : tire가 주어를 사물로 취할 경우 전치사 없이 목적어 취함)

우선 기준은 to부정사는 미래지향적, ~ing 과거지향적으로 세워둔다

그리고 언어가 예외가 항상 있는 것처럼 위와 같은 기준에 맞지 않는 것은 외운다.

쉬운 것 같지만 시험에 종종 나온다

regret to R :유감스럽게도 ~하다

regret ~ing :~한 것을 후회한다

remember to R :~할 것을 기억하다

remember ~ing :~한 것을 기억하다

stop to R :~하기 위해 그만두다  - to부정사의 부사적 용법으로 해석한다고 생각

stop ~ing :~하는 것을 그만두다 

to부정사인지 동명사~ing인지에 따라

의미 차이가 없는 동사

like, love, hate, prefer + toR/~ing

begin, start, continue +toR/~ing

I hate working/ to work at weekends.

I don’t get up on Sundays. I prefer to stay/ staying in bed.

I like climbing/to climbing mountains.

she began to play/playing the guitar when she was six.

He started talking. to talk about golf, but everybody went out of the room.

◎기출문제

<17(하)국9>문 13. 

① Undergraduates are not allowed to using equipments in the laboratory. 

② The extent of Mary's knowledge on various subjects astound me. 

③ If she had been at home yesterday, I would have visited her. 

④ I regret to inform you that your loan application has not approved.

① (to using -> to use) ② astound (~을 놀라게 하다) 사람을 목적어로 취함 ③ 과거 상황에 반대하여 말하니까, 가정법 과거완료     ④ 알리게 되어 유감이다.   

<17국회9>4. 다음 밑줄 친 부분에 들어갈 가장 적절한 표현은?

When the detective interrogated Steve about the incident, he remembered __________ a black figure passing by. But he couldn’t be sure of what it was.      ① seen ② to see ③ seeing ④ being seen ⑤ to be seen

과거의 사건을 기억한 것이니 ing  ③

<09지9>문 15. 우리말을 영어로 바르게 옮긴 것은? 

① 나는 그에게 충고 한 마디를 했다. → I gave him an advice. 

② 많은 아버지의 친구들이 그 모임에 왔다. → Many father's friends came to the meeting. 

③ 나는 나 혼자서 사업을 운영하겠다고 주장하였다. → I insisted to run my business alone. 

④ 밥은 쓸데없는 일에 돈을 낭비한 것을 후회한다. → Bob regrets wasting his money on useless things.

① advice 불가산 명사 ②  한정사와 명사 사이에 소유격을 넣을 수 없다 many friends of my father

③ insist ~ing    ④ good!(정답)

<15지9>문 9. 우리말을 영어로 옮긴 것 중 가장 어색한 것은?

① 그녀는 젊었을 때 더 열심히 일하지 않았던 것을 후회한다.

→She regrets not having worked harder in her youth.

② 그는 경험과 지식을 둘 다 겸비한 사람이다.→He is a man of both experience and knowledge.

③ 분노는 정상적이고 건강한 감정이다.→Anger is a normal and healthy emotion.

④ 어떤 상황에서도 너는 이곳을 떠나면 안 된다.→Under no circumstances you should not leave here.

④부정어구가 문두에 나오면 도치 you should -> should you 

<16국9>문 5. 우리말을 영어로 잘못 옮긴 것은? 

① 나의 이모는 파티에서 그녀를 만난 것을 기억하지 못했다. →My aunt didn't remember meeting her at the party. 

② 나의 첫 책을 쓰는 데 40년이 걸렸다. →It took me 40 years to write my first book. 

③ 학교에서 집으로 걸어오고 있을 때 강풍에 내 우산이 뒤집혔다. →A strong wind blew my umbrella inside out as I was walking home from school. 

④ 끝까지 생존하는 생물은 가장 강한 생물도, 가장 지적인 생물도 아니고, 변화에 가장 잘 반응하는 생물이다. →It is not the strongest of the species, nor the most intelligent, or the one most responsive to change that survives to the end.

④ or -> but (not A but B: A가 아니라 B

<15국9>문 5. 어법상 옳지 않은 것은? 

① The main reason I stopped smoking was that all my friends had already stopped smoking. 

② That a husband understands a wife does not mean they are necessarily compatible. 

③ The package, having wrong addressed, reached him late and damaged. 

④ She wants her husband to buy two dozen of eggs on his way home.

③ package(주어)가 당하는 입장이므로 수동 having been wrongly addressed, was damaged 

< 우리의 실수에 관해 우리는 매우 유능한 변호인이다. 

그리고 다른 사람의 실수에 관해서, 우리는 매우 유능한 판사이다.>

confess to ~ing: ~을 자백하다

get around to ~ing: ~까지 하다, ~할 시간을 내다

come close to ~ing : ~할 뻔하다, ~에 가깝다

look forward to ~ing: ~하기를 고대하다

object to ~ing: ~를 반대하다

She objects to be asked out by people at work. ( OX )

(x) to be asked -> to being asked

be opposed to ~ing: ~를 반대하다

be closed to ~ing: 거의 다 ~하다

be used to ~ing: ~하는 데 익숙하다

<14국회9> 9. 다음 문장을 영어로 옮긴 것 중 가장 어색한 것을 고르면?

① 이상하게 들릴지 모르겠지만 그것은 사실이다. -> Though it sounds strangely, it is quite true. ② 나는 아침에 일찍 일어나는 데 익숙하다. -> I am used to getting up early in the morning. ③ 그녀가 울음을 터뜨린다고 해서 놀라지 마십시오. -> Don't be surprised even if she suddenly bursts into tears. ④ 그에게 부족한 것이 없다. -> He lacks for nothing. ⑤ 그것을 누가했든, 그것이 무엇이든지 간에 별로 상관없다. -> It matters little who did it or what it was.

정답: ① (strangely -> strange: sound 뒤에 형용사)

be accustomed to ~ing: ~하는 데 익숙하다

<14국7> 문 14. ① 그녀는 가족과 함께 있을 때 가장 행복하다. → She is happiest when she is with her family. ② 사고 후 그는 왼손을 사용하는 데 익숙해지고 있었다. → He was getting accustomed to using his left hand after the accident. ③ 내 급우들 중 3분의 2가 졸업 후 직장을 알아볼 예정이다. → Two thirds of my classmates are going to look for jobs after graduation. ④ 책임감이 그로 하여금 결국 자신을 희생하게 한 위험한 일을 맡도록 재촉하였다. → His sense of responsibility urged him to undertake the dangerous task which he eventually sacrificed himself.

정답: ④ (which -> for which: which 뒤 완전절이기 때문에 전치사 필요. sacrifice oneself for: ~을 위해 자신을 희생하다)

when it comes to ~ing: ~에 관해서라면 =about

be committed(devoted) to ~ing: ~에 헌신하다

be devoted to ~ing : ~에 헌신하다

be exposed to ~ing: ~에 노출되다

what do you say to ~ing : ~하는거 어때요?

contribute to 명사: ~에 기여하다

be tied to ~ing:~와 결부되다

 Much of the crooked trading is tied to mergers and acquisitions, which reached record levels last year.

대부분의 부정한 거래는 M&A 인수합병과 결보되있다/ 인수합병은 작년에 최고 기록을 달성해다.

<기출문제>

<17서7>10. A survey ① conducted for the journal American Demographics by the research from Market Facts found some surprising results. In modern America, ② where superstitions are seen as nothing more than the beliefs of a weak mind, 44 percent of the people surveyed still admitted they were superstitious. The other 56 percent claimed to be only optimistically superstitious, ③ meaning they were more willing to believe superstitions relating to good luck over ones related to bad luck. For example, 12 percent of those who said they were not really superstitious confessed to ④ knock on wood for good luck. And 9 percent confessed they would pick up a penny on the street for good luck. A further 9 percent of non-believers also said they would pick a four-leaf clover for luck if they found one. And some still believed in kissing under the mistletoe for luck.

정답:  ④ (knock -> knocking)

★If 구문

일반론: if는 문장의 앞뒤 와도 상관없음. (앞에 올 경우 거의 컴마(,) 사용)

사용 3가지

1.     ~인지 아닌지

Ask John if he’s staying tonight.

I don’t know if I will be ready in time. (간접의문문일 때에는 will 사용)

14. 우리말을 영어로 가장 잘 옮긴 것은? 

① 나는 이 집으로 이사 온 지 3년이 되었다. →It was three years since I moved to this house. 

② 우리는 해가 지기 전에 그 도시에 도착해야 한다. →We must arrive in the city before the sun will set. 

③ 나는 그녀가 오늘 밤까지 그 일을 끝마칠지 궁금하다. →I wonder if she finishes the work by tonight. 

④ 그는 실수하기는 했지만, 좋은 선생님으로 존경받을 수 있었다. →Although making a mistake, he could be respected as a good teacher.

2.     조건 (시간과 조건의 부사절은 미래를 나타낼 때 현재를 사용)

If you get here before night, we can catch the early train.

If John didn’t come to work yesterday, he was probably ill.

I’ll give her your love if I see her.

3.     가정법 (wish도 마찬가지로 생각), (would는 if절에 거의 쓰이지 않는다)

가정법 무슨 시제하면, if절에 오는 시제라고 생각하고, 주절은 조동사의 형태 변화를 생각. (가정법 미래 제외)

가정법 과거와 과거완료, were to는 불가능한 상황을 가정할 때 사용.

1) 가정법 현재 : 현재나 미래에 가능한 상황을 나타낼 때 사용.

 If S(주어) + 현재, S + 조동사(will, can, may)

 If you study hard, you will pass the exam.

※ If S + 현재, S + 현재 : 일반적인 사실을 말할 때 사용.

If you heat the water to 100 degrees, it boils.

2) 가정법 과거 : 현재나 미래에 불가능한 상황을 나타낼 때 사용. (시제는 과거지만 의미는 현재)

 If S(주어) + 과거, S + 조동사의 과거형(would, should, could, might)

If I knew her name, I would tell you. (현재 모른다는 의미)

What would you do if you lost your job? (많이 쓰이는 일상 표현)

If I were rich, I would spend all my time travelling.(were, was 둘 다 상관없음)

※주어가 I, we의 경우 should 사용가능. 의미 would 동일(현대에서는 잘 쓰이지 않지만 참고)

If I knew her name, I should(=would) tell you.

If I married you, we should(=would) both be happy.

※could(=would be able to), might(=would possibly) 을 쓸 경우,  ‘가능했었을 텐데’, ‘아마 그랬을 텐데’ 의미를 띨 때 사용

She could get a better job if she could speak Korean.  (she could get= she would be able to get)

3) 가정법 과거 완료 : 과거에 불가능했던 과거 상황을 표현할 때 사용. 그 이외에 가정법과거와  논리 비슷)

 If  S + 과거 완료(had p.p), S + would/might/could have p.p

I didn't see you when you passed me in the street. If I'd seen you, of course I would have said hello.

If you had worked harder, you would have passed your exam.

If he’d run a bit faster, he could have won.

※가정법 과거와 과거 완료 비교

I'm not hungry. If I was hungry, I would eat something. (현재)

I wasn't hungry. If I had been hungry, I would have eaten something. (과거)

4) 가정법 미래: 사실 가정법 미래는 가정법 과거와 과거 완료의 의미를 생각해 보면 논리상 맞지 않음(과거, 과거 완료 논리라면 가정법 미래는 미래보다 더 미래에서 후회하는 의미를 나타내야 함) 다만, 우리나라에서 편의상 구분함.

가정법 미래는 미래에 일어나기 힘든 일을 나타낼 때 표현.

(1)   If  S + should/ happen to  : 가능성이 희박하지만 일어날 수 있는 상황을 표현.

If you happen to be in our area, drop in and see us.

If he should be late, we’ll have to start without him.

(2)   If  S + were to + 동사 : 가능성이 희박하여 불가능한 일을 표현

If the technology were to become available, we could be able to expand the business.

※ know, belong, doubt, enjoy, like, remember, understand (상태를 나타내는 (의미)동사) 일 때에는 were to 사용 불가

If I were to know they were honest, I’d gladly lend them the money. (X)

-> If I knew they were honest, I’d gladly lend them the money.

<정리>

※ If ~ will 사용

 주절의 결과를 나타낼 경우

I’ll give you $50 if I win the lottery. 나는 50달러를 줄 꺼야/ 내가 복권에 당첨된다면

 (복권이 먼저 당첨되야 50달러를 줄 수 있다)

I’ll give you $50 if it’ll help you to go on holiday. 나는 50달러를 줄 꺼야/ 50달러가 당신이 휴가가 데 도움이 된다면 (50달러를 줌으로써 그 결과 휴가 가는 데 도움이 준다)

이 외에도 다양한 용법과 쓰임새가 있으나, 이 정도만 해도 적당하다 (but 혼합가정법 공부 필요)

※가정법 도치

2018/08/31 - [영어공부/영어 일반 & 영어단어] - 영어 도치 구문(부정어 도치, 장소부사구 도치, 가정법 도치)

<Love는 4글자로 구성되어 있고/ 그러나 HATE도 마찬가지이다

Friends는 7글자로 구성되어 있고/ 그러나 Enemies도 마찬가지이다

Truth는 5글자로 구성되어 있고/ Lying도 마찬가지이다>

★such 

품사: 형용사

의미: (so와 비슷) 매우, 너무

명사를 앞에서 수식 (명사 앞에 형용사 나와도 상관없음. 결국 명사가 중심이기 때문에)

시험 어순: such a(n) 형용사 + 명사

They're such fools.

It was such good milk that we couldn't stop drinking it.

I've never met such a nice person.

※한정사+형용사+명사

no/any such claim (o)    There is no such person in the room.

no/any such a claim (x)     Any such claim will be immediately rejected.

★so      

품사: 부사

의미: ‘매우’  

형용사나 부사 앞에서 수식.

시험 어순: so 형용사 a(n) 명

2018/08/12 - [영어공부/영어 일반 & 영어단어] - 시험 출제 영어 어순, 문법 (such a 형 명, as 형 a 명, all, what , one of the...etc) -01

He is so kind.

Thank you so much.

The milk was so good that we couldn't stop drinking it.

Why do you talk so slowly?

It was so difficult a problem for her to solve.  (너무 ~해서 ~하다)

 이것은 너무 어려운 문제이다/ 그녀가 풀기에

There is so much to do.

so much, so many, so few, so little 암기

※비교급 강조할 때는 : so much만 가능. 

비교급 강조 다른 표현: even, much, still, far, a lot   

 I'm glad that you're feeling so much better. (so better X)

품사를 암기하면 어순을 쉽게 풀 수 있다. so의 경우 부사이기 때문에 형용사를 따로 수식(so 형용사)하고, 그 형용사가 명사를 수식(형용사 + 명사)하기 때문에 위와 같은 순서로 쓴다. 반면 such는 형용사이기 때문에 [such ( 형용사 명사)]를 수식한다. 

★so의 다른 용법: 도치

so를 사용하여 앞의 내용과 같은 의미를 받을 때, 다음과 같이 도치하여 사용. 

so + be동사/have동사/조동사/do동사+주어

I was full and so were the other people. 나는 배불렀고 그리고 나머지 다른 사람들도 마찬가지였다.

If I could publish a book, so can you. 내가 책을 출판할 수 있다면, 너도 마찬가지로 할 수 있다

Walking reduces the risk of stroke. Well, so does chocolate. 걷는 것은 뇌졸중 위험을 감소시킬 수 있고, 초콜릿 또한 마찬가지이다.

★much

1) ‘매우’, ‘ 많이’란 뜻 동사를 꾸밈.

2) ‘훨씬’ 비교급 꾸밈.

I much appreciate your advice.

She runs much faster than me.

★know ~를 알다

◎진행형 불가

I am knowing exactly what you mean. (X) (am knowing -> know)

◎know 목적어  : 직접적인 경험을 통해 얻은 지식을 말할 때

◎know about/of : 그 이외

You don’t know my uncle, do you?

We all know about King Sejong. [We all know King Sejong. (X)]

◎know how to

I know how to make Korean dishes.

◎know 목적어 to부정사

They knew him to be a dangerous criminal.

(They knew to be a dangerous criminal. X)

He was known to be a dangerous criminal.

◎know that 절

They knew that he was a dangerous criminal.

◎Know better     (~할 정도로) 어리석지는 않다; 분별력이 있다

He knows better than to judge by appearances. 

그가 외모로 사람을 판단할 정도로 어리석지는 않다

<08지7>문 12. 다음 영어를 우리말로 잘못 옮긴 것은?

① He is second to none in describing human character.＝ 인물의 성격묘사에 있어서 그는 아무에게도 뒤지지 않는다.

② The more you get, the more you want.＝ 가진 게 많으면 많을수록 더 갖고 싶어진다.

③ I've had it with my car breaking down all the time.＝ 나는 내 차가 항상 고장 나는 것을 감수해 왔다.

④ I know better than to mistake the means for the end.＝ 나는 본말전도를 하지 않을 정도의 분별력은 있다.

◎be known for: ~로 유명하다 = be famous for

◎be known to: ~로서 알려지다 (사람들이 사실이나, 발생한 상황, 어떤 사람의 특징을 알고 있을 때 사용)

◎be known as: ~로서 알려지다 (단순히 별명, 명칭을 나타낼 때 사용)

A daily intake of 20 mg of vitamin C is known to be sufficient in most cases to ward off scurvy.

She is known to be interested in pop music.

They are known to have spoken to the President about it.

And this is Terry, otherwise known as "Muscleman".

In some parts of the United States, the lynx is known as a puma.

An irrational fear, one that has no basis in experience, is known as a phobia.

Cambridge Dictionary 참고

[18국회8]11. Choose the one that is grammatically correct.

① Students apply as much commitment to the extracurricular activities as they do to their general subjects.

② She was born in the Addis Ababa province of northern Africa, an area known as its spectacular vistas.

③ It is never too early to start caring for the land you live and grow up. 

④ He had few winter clothing when he arrived at the camp. 

⑤ He reads storybooks to children who don’t access to TV.  

② 별명이나 명칭보다는 특징을 가리키므로 known for ③ you live in and grown up in  ④ clothing은 불가산, clothes  ⑤access는 타동사; 명사로 쓸 경우 have access to 

★essential 필수적인

◎essential for/to (전치사)

Formulating new strategies is essential for preparing the corporation to meet and sustain future needs.

Light is absolutely essential for the healthy development of plants.

He had acquired the skills essential to his later success in politics.

The river is essential for/to the region's economy.

Food is essential for/to life.

Using high quality materials is essential for/to achieving a good result.

Knowledge, skills, and creativity are essential to creating high-value products.

◎it is essential to do something : ~하는 데에 필수적이다.

It is essential to use the proper technique.

It's essential to arrive on time.

It is essential to research and protect your patent.

If you want to make major changes, it is essential to involve your staff.

◎it is essential (that): It is essential that all equipment is properly maintained.

It is essential our prices remain competitive.

◎essential reading :  필수적으로 읽어야할 것, 필독서

Her articles are essential reading for anyone interested in the war.

◎play an essential role/part in something : ~에 중요한 역할을 하다

She has always played an essential part in the smooth running of the business.

<17지방7>

문 8.

 In countries where religion ①has been closely identified with ②a people's culture, as in Hinduism and Islam, religious education has been essential ③to be maintained the society and ④its traditions.

③ (be maintained -> maintaining),  시험장에서는 'maintain 뒤에 목적어가 나오기 때문에, 수동태 틀림' 정도로 생각