인생뭐있나즐기자

해석:      ~(A)하자(해서야)             ~(B)하다

not A~ until B

ex) We did not arrive there until the sun set.

우리가 도착하자 태양이 지고 있었다.

※의미상 한번에 이해하기 위해서 여러번 반복 암기

★문법 사항: 도치 - 앞부분 도치가 아니라 뒷부분

ex) Not until the sun set did we arrive there.

It was not until 구문으로 바꿀 수 있음

ex)  It was not until Einstein was fourteen /that he showed his mathematical talents.

아이슈타인이 14살이 되자 /그는 그의 수학적 재능을 보였다.

It was not until the sun set that we arrived there.

=Not until the sun set did we arrive there.

=We did not arrive there until the sun set.

<12지-9> When in the eighteenth century, nationalism began to form as a modern movement, its forerunners in many parts of Europe were not soldiers and statesmen but scholars and poets who sought to find in ancient legends and half forgotten folksongs the “soul” of the nation. 

= It was not until the 18th century that nationalism became a modern movement. 

<13국-9>

문 8. 우리말을 영어로 옮긴 것으로 가장 적절한 것은? 

① 그들이 10년간 살았던 집이 폭풍에 심하게 손상되었다. → The house which they have lived for 10 years badly damaged by the storm. 

② 수학 시험에 실패했을 때에서야 그는 공부를 열심히 하기로 결심했다. → It was not until when he failed the math test that he decided to study hard. 

③ 냉장고에 먹을 것이 하나도 남아있지 않아서, 어젯밤에 우리는 외식을 해야 했다. → We had nothing to eat left in the refrigerator, we had to eat out last night. 

④ 우리는 운이 좋게도 그랜드캐넌을 방문했는데, 거기에는 경치가 아름다운 곳이 많다. → We were enough fortunate to visit the Grand Canyon, that has much beautiful landscape.

2018 지방직 9급 영어 단어 정리

2018/08/03 - [공무원 시험/공무원 영어 기출] - (2018~2009) 지방직 9급 영어 기출문제 및 정답!!

pdf 파일: 

지방직 9급-18.pdf

do no harm       해가 되지 않다                         do good           도움이 되다, 이롭다

do wrong          나쁜 짓을 하다                         do the talking    말하다, 대변하다

paramount        중요한; 최고의                         put out            (불을)끄다; 출간하다; 내놓다

get cold feet      겁먹다                                    go cold turkey    마약을 갑자기 끊다

pique               불쾌하게 하다                          engage with      ~와 맞물리다

go to bat for     ~을 변호하다; 지지하다              let go of           놓다

break up with     결별하다                                 make do with     (임기응변으로)그럭저럭 하다

elaborate          정교한; 공들인; 자세하게 설명하다 swear               맹세하다; 욕하다

sworn              맹세하는                                 out of humor     불쾌해서, 성이 나서

frightening        무서운                                    state-of-the-art  최신의

cannot help~ing ~하지 않을 수 없었다                once-in-a-lifetime 일생에 한 번의

cannot help but to ~하지 않을 수 없다                cannot but R     ~하지 않을 수 없다

get rid of          제거하다                                 let go of           내버려두다

break up with    결별하다                                 break down       고장 나다

engage with      ~와 맞물리다                           put out            불을끄다;내어 놓다;출간하다

stick one’s necks out for   위험을 무릅쓰다; 위험을 자초하다

pique               불쾌감, 불쾌감을 일으키다          advance            성공을 돕다

pique sb curiosity, interest, etc      호기심, 흥미를 불러일으키다 = intrigue

go to bat for      지지하다; 변호하다; 도와주다       do work           일하다

make up for      보상하다, 보충하다                    make up           화장하다;

distraction         주의를 산만하게 하는 것             distract             산만하게 하다

disturbance       방해; 소란                               get in the way    방해되다

maintain           유지하다; 주장하다                    scramble           재빨리 움직이다; 서로밀치다

transcend          초월하다                                 appendix           부록; 맹장

apex                정점                                       zenith              절정

empower          권한을 부여하다                        inspire              고무시키다; 영감을 주다

eliminate           제거하다                                 glorify              미화하다

Rather,             대신에=instead

5) The student who finds the state-of-the-art approach intimidating learn less than he or she might have learned by the old methods.

9) At the top, as we have seen, was the scalco, or steward, who was in charge of not only the kitchen, but also the dining room.

10) That's what piques the curiosity of advisers and sponsors.

But how hard they go to bat for you, how far they stick their necks out for you, depends on that you have to offer.

It just requires you to be an expert at something.

12) my sentences and descriptive gestures got so confusing that I communicated nothing more than a very convincing version of a human tornado. In an effort to curb my distracting explanation, the proctor led me to an empty seat and put a test booklet in front of me.

15) Even if they have a lot in their head, they have found a method that the many commitments don't impede each other, but instead they are brought into a good inner order.

Separate off disturbances, for example, by escaping into another office, and not allowing any distractions to get in the way. When you concentrate on the one task of your priorities, you will find you have energy what you didn't even know you had.

16) the number of fish reach at a predictable level of abundance and stay there.

we must be careful not to reduce the population below the ideal point which it can replace all of the fish we take out each year.

17) no event in human history was likely ever seen by a larger global audience than the 9/11 attacks.

18) the scientific establishment weighed in.

19) If neither surrendering, the two exchanged blows until one was knocked out.

The ancient Olympic events were designed to eliminate the weak and glorify the strong.

Anything else was considered fair play.

20) He solves one problem, and the result is not that he is more secure or certain, but that ten other new problems open up in place of the single solved one.   

<생활영어>

제시문 중 중요 표현 정리한 다음, 정답 표시. 

정답과 같은 줄 혹은 밑에 있는 단어 및 표현은 추가 표현.

문제 ☞☞☞            생활영어 국가직 문제만.pdf

정답 포함한 문제 파일은 아래에

<국9-18>

문 1.

A: Can I ask you for a favor?

B: Yes, what is it?

A: I need to get to the airport for my business trip, but my car won't start. Can you give me a lift?

B: Sure. When do you need to be there by?

A: I have to be there no later than 6: 00.

B: It's 4:30 now. _________________________________. We'll have to leave right away.

① That's cutting it close ② I took my eye off the ball ③ All that glitters is not gold ④ It's water under the bridge

give sb a lift?                누구를 태워주다            It’s water under the bridge 이미 지나간 일이다

no later than                 늦어도 ~까지                ask sb for a favor            ~에게 부탁을 하다

That’s cutting it close      아슬아슬하다                take one’s eye off the ball 중요한 것에서 눈을 떼다

①                                                 catching up on things                부족한 것을 채우다  

문 8. 밑줄 친 부분에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

A: Do you know how to drive?

B: Of course. I'm a great driver.

A: Could you teach me how to drive?

B: Do you have a learner's permit?

A: Yes, I got it just last week.

B: Have you been behind the steering wheel yet?

A: No, but I can't wait to _____________________.

① take a rain check ② get my feet wet ③ get an oil change ④ change a flat tire

learner’s permit                         정식 운전면허가 나오기 전에 운전할 수 있는 증명서

be/sit behind the steering wheel   운전하다; 조종하다

take a rain check                       다음을 기약하다(제안, 초대 등 거절하면서 쓸 때 사용)

get one’s feet wet                     시작하다, 처음 해보다

flat tire                                   빠람 빠진 타이어

②                                          hold up 정지하다, 견디다

<국9하-17>

문 1.

Mary: Hi, James. How's it going?

James: Hello, Mary. What can I do for you today?

Mary: How can I arrange for this package to be delivered?

James: Why don't you talk to Bob in Customer Service?

Mary:_______________________________________________

①     Sure. I will deliver this package for you. ② OK. Let me take care of Bob's customers. ③ I will see you at the Customs office. ④ I tried calling his number, but no one is answering.

how’s it going?= how are you? = what’s up? = how are you doing?   어떻게 지내니?

what can I do for you?               무엇을 도와드릴까요?

arrange for                              준비하다; 계획을 짜다

cf. account for                          설명하다; %를 차지하다

④                                          Professor Lee is a well-rounded instructor. 다재 다능한

문 2.

A: Wow! Look at the long line. I'm sure we have to wait at least 30 minutes.

B: You're right. _________________________________

A: That's a good idea. I want to ride the roller coaster.

B: It's not my cup of tea.

A: How about the Flume Ride then? It's fun and the line is not so long.

B: That sounds great! Let's go!

① Let's find seats for the magic show. ② Let's look for another ride. ③ Let's buy costumes for the parade. ④ Let's go to the lost and found.

ride                            타다                            the lost and found          분실물 센터

It’s not my cup of tea      내 취향이 아니다. = It’s not my style.

costume                       의상, 복장

②                                                                Don’t be too hard on      ~을 모질게 굴다

<국9-17>

문 3.

A: May I help you?

B: I bought this dress two days ago, but it's a bit big for me.

A: ______________________________________________

B: Then I'd like to get a refund.

A: May I see your receipt, please?

B: Here you are.

① I'm sorry, but there's no smaller size. ② I feel like it fits you perfectly, though. ③ That dress sells really well in our store. ④ I'm sorry, but this purchase can't be refunded.

get a refund                 환불하다                     receipt             영수증

fit                               잘 어울린다      

①                                                            He was in great spirits.    기분이 매우 좋은

문 4.

A: Every time I use this home blood pressure monitor, I get a different reading. I think I'm doing it wrong. Can you show me how to use it correctly?

B: Yes, of course. First, you have to put the strap around your arm.

A: Like this? Am I doing this correctly?

B: That looks a little too tight.

A: Oh, how about now?

B: Now it looks a bit too loose. If it's too tight or too loose, you'll get an incorrect reading.

A: __________________________________

B: Press the button now. You shouldn't move or speak.

A: I get it.

B: You should see your blood pressure on the screen in a few moments.

① I didn't see anything today. ② Oh, okay. What do I do next? ③ Right, I need to read the book. ④ Should I check out their website?

every time                    (접속사)~할 때마다 = whenever

strap                           끈                               loose               헐거운

check out                     확인하다; (책) 대출하다

②                                                                believable          그럴 듯 한

<국9-16>

문 3.

A: I'd like to get a refund for this tablecloth I bought here yesterday.

B: Is there a problem with the tablecloth?

A: It doesn't fit our table and I would like to return it. Here is my receipt.

B: I'm sorry, but this tablecloth was a final sale item, and it cannot be refunded.

A: ______________________________________

B: It's written at the bottom of the receipt.

① Nobody mentioned that to me. ② Where is the price tag? ③ What's the problem with it? ④ I got a good deal on it.

price tag                      가격표

①                                                            relent               마음이 누그러지다

문 4.

A: Hello? Hi, Stephanie. I'm on my way to the office. Do you need anything?

B: Hi, Luke. Can you please pick up extra paper for the printer?

A: What did you say? Did you say to pick up ink for the printer? Sorry, ________________________________

B: Can you hear me now? I said I need more paper for the printer.

A: Can you repeat that, please?

B: Never mind. I'll text you.

A: Okay. Thanks, Stephanie. See you soon.

①    My phone has really bad reception here. ② I couldn't pick up more paper. ③ I think I've dialed the wrong number. ④ I'll buy each item separately this time.

be on the way to           ~로 가는 도중이다         bad reception     좋지 않은 신호상태

never mind                   신경쓰지마                   text                 문자를 보내다

①                                                            conspicuous                 눈에 띄는

<국9-15>

문 7.

A: What business is on your mind?

B: Do you think that owning a flower shop has good prospects nowadays?

A: It could. But have you prepared yourself mentally and financially?

B: __________________________________________________.

A: Good! Then you should choose a strategic place and the right segment too. You must do a thorough research to have a good result.

B: I know that. It’s much easier to start a business than to run it well.

① I plan to go to the hospital tomorrow ② I can't be like that! I must strive to get a job ③ I'm ready to start with what I have and take a chance ④ I don't want to think about starting my own business

own                            소유하다                      have good prospect        전망이 좋다

run                             운영하다                      thorough                     철저한

strive to                       ~하려고 애쓰다             I can’t be like that          나는 그럴 수 없어

take a chance                모험을 하다

③                                                                stare off into space         멍하게 있다.

문 8.

M: What's that noise?

W: Noise? I don't hear anything.

M: Listen closely. I hear some noise. _________________.

W: Oh, let's stop and see.

M: Look! A piece of glass is in the right front wheel.

W: Really? Umm... You're right. What are we going to do?

M: Don't worry. I got some experience in changing tires.

① I gave my customers sound advice ② Maybe air is escaping from the tire ③ I think the mechanic has an appointment ④ Oh! Your phone is ringing in vibration mode

escape                        탈출하다; 빠져 나오다     mechanic                     정비공

sound advice                 지당한 충고

②                                                                take on                        떠맡다

<국9-14>

문 6. 밑줄 친 부분에 가장 적절한 것은?

A: I saw the announcement for your parents' 25th anniversary in yesterday's newspaper. It was really neat. Do you know how your parents met?

B: Yes. It was really incredible, actually, very romantic. They met in college, found they were compatible, and began to date. Their courtship lasted all through school.

A: No kidding! That's really beautiful. I haven't noticed anyone in class that I could fall in love with!

B: _________________________. Oh, well, maybe next semester!

①     Me neither ② You shouldn't blame me ③ It is up to your parents ④ You'd better hang about with her

announcement              발표, 소식                    neat                깔끔한, 정갈한

courtship                     교제(연애)                    last                  지속되다

compatible                   사이 좋은; 양립될 수 있는

no kidding                   대박                            fall in love with 사랑에 빠지다

up to                          ~에 달려있다               

hang about with ~와 많은 시간을 보내다             =hang around with

①                                                            out of favor                  인기가 없는

문 7. 밑줄 친 부분에 가장 적절한 것은?

A: Did you see Steve this morning?

B: Yes. But why does he _________________?

A: I don't have the slightest idea.

B: I thought he'd be happy.

A: Me too. Especially since he got promoted to sales manager last week.

B: He may have some problem with his girlfriend.

①     have such a long face ② step into my shoes ③ jump on the bandwagon ④ play a good hand

long face                     우울한 얼굴                  step into sb’s shoes         ~의 후임이 되다

jump on the bandwagon 시류에 편승하다            play a good hand          멋진 수를 쓰다

I don’t have the slightest idea                  전혀 모르겠어.

①                                                                get into full swing          최고조에 달하다

<국9-13>

문 3.

A: Look at this letter.

B: Ah yes, I thought it was something official looking. You're being fined for exceeding the speed limit, it says. Why weren't you fined on the spot?

A: _____________________________________________.

B: They're installing more and more of them around here. You're going to have to be more careful in future. A: You're not kidding. The fine is $60.

① Because the spot was too busy to be fined ② Because I could not find any camera to take it ③ Because I already paid for it when I was fined ④ Because I was photographed by one of speed cameras

it says.                         여기에 써 있다.             on the spot                  현장에서; 즉시

fine                             벌금을 부과하다            speed limit                   제한 속도

exceed                         초과하다                      spot                            장소

you’re not kidding          말도 안돼                     install                          설치하다

④                                                                installment                   할부

buy off                        (사람을)매수하다            store up                       비축하다

문 4.

Tom: Frankly, I don't think my new boss knows what he is doing.

Jack: He is young, Tom. You have to give him a chance.

Tom: How many chances do I have to give him? He's actually doing terribly.

Jack: _________________________________.

Tom: What? Where? Jack: Over there. Your new boss just turned around the corner.

① Speak of the devil ② I wish you good luck ③ Keep up the good work ④ Money makes the mare go

speak of the devil           호랑이도 제 말하면 온다 keep up the good work   지금처럼 계속 잘 해.

money makes the mare go                     돈 있으면 모든 된다

①                                                            play down                    ~을 폄하하다

get off the ground          순조롭게 출발하다          get out of hand             감당할 수 없게 되다

<국9-12>

문 4. ㉠, ㉡에 들어갈 표현으로 가장 적절한 것은?

A: Have you written your term paper yet?

B: No, but I'll have plenty of time to do it next week.

A: That's what you said last week and the week before. You can't put it off forever. You should use your free time and do some work.

B: The truth is, I've ㉠ in all my classes and I don't know if I can ever ㉡.

A: I'm sorry. But talking about it won't help at this point.

B: You're right. I'll start on it tomorrow.

A: Not tomorrow! Today!

 ① gone ahead/ make up ② kept leading/ cover up ③ lagged behind /catch up ④ been enthusiastic /follow up

term paper                   학기말 리포트               put off             미루다

go ahead                     앞서 가다                     make up           구성하다; 보충하다; 화장하다

cover up                      완전히 가리다               lag behind         뒤처지다

catch up                      따라 잡다                     follow up          ~을 덧붙이다; 더 알아보다

③                                                                gimmick           비밀 장치, 속임수

Don’t be such a stranger 가끔 들르세요                chance customer 뜨내기 손님     

문 9.

A: Oh, that was a wonderful dinner. That's the best meal I've had in a long time.

B: Thank you.

A: Can I give you a hand with the dishes?

B: Uh-uh, _________________. I'll do them myself later. Hey, would you like me to fix some coffee?

A: Thanks a lot. I'd love some. Would you mind if I smoke?

B: Why, not at all. Here, let me get you an ashtray.

① help yourself ② don't bother ③ if you insist ④ here they are

give sb a hand              도움을 주다                  help yourself      마음껏 드세요

not at all                      전혀                            ashtray             재떨이

don’t bother                 수고하지 마세요            fix                   준비하다

②                                                                chance meeting 우연한 만남

conducted oneself          행동하다, 처신 하다

문 10.

A: Hey, my poor buddy! What's the problem?

B: You know I took over this presentation all of a sudden. And tomorrow is the due date for the presentation. I couldn't even start it yet.

A: Look! I'm here for you. ______________________

① What are friends for? ② Everything's up in the air. ③ What does it have to do with me? ④ You'd better call a spade a spade.

take over                     떠맡다                         due date                      마감일

what are friends for?       친구 좋은 게 뭐겠어?      be up in the air              아직 미결정이다.

have sth to do with        ~와 관련이 있다.           call a spade a spade        솔직히 말하다

all of a sudden              갑자기                        

①                                                                Give it to me straight      솔직히 말해봐

<국9-11>

문 10. 밑줄 친 부분에 들어갈 표현으로 가장 적절한 것은?

A: What are you doing?

B: I'm looking at my calendar. I have a dental appointment tomorrow.

A: Tomorrow? But we're going to Jim's wedding tomorrow.

B: Yes, I know. __________________.

A: Is it for a regular checkup?

B: No. It's just for the cleaning.

① You must cancel the appointment ② You have to mark it on the calendar ③ I don't want to see my doctor ④ I need to reschedule it

dental appointment        치과 약속                     mark it on the calendar   일정표에 표시해 둬라

④                                                     I’ve grown out of my clothes.                  옷이 작아졌어요.

<국9-10>

문 15.

A: You know, I'm getting transferred to Seoul.

B: Seoul? Is that good or bad?

A: Oh, I was hoping for it.

B: ____________.

①     I really wanted to go to Seoul ② Oh, it's not easy for me ③ In that case, I'm happy for you ④ I appreciate your patience

해석:     있잖아, 나 서울로 전근 가.

           서울? 그거 좋아 나빠?

           나 이거 원했던 거야

③ 그런 경우면, 나도 행복하다 (니가 좋으니까)

appreciate                    감사하다                      patience                       인내, 참을성

문 16.

A: It doesn't make sense. Why should the power go off all of a sudden and the phone line?

B: Maybe some kind of an electrical storm or something.

A: _____________ Sky's just as blue as anything. Not a cloud. No lightening. No thunder. Nothing. How could it be a storm?

 ①That doesn't seem likely. ② You got the point. ③ Guess what? ④ I think so.

make sense                  이치에 맞다, 합리적이다  power                         전력

go off                          (전기가)나가다              

①                              Good jobs are hard to come by.                          좋은 것은 얻기 힘들다.

<국9-09>

문 3.

A: Would you like to get some coffee?

B: That's a good idea.

A: Should we buy Americano or Cafe-Latte?

B: It doesn't matter to me. ___________

A: I think I'll get Americano.

B: Sounds great to me.

①     Not really. ② Suit yourself. ③ Come see for yourself. ④ Maybe just a handful or so.

would you like to           ~하고 싶니?                  It doesn’t matter            중요하지 않다.

suit oneself                   자기 마음대로 하다        a handful (of)                한 움큼

or so                          쯤                  

②                                                                pull one’s weight            임무를 다하다

문 4.

A: ____________

B: Today is Monday, so you can have it until next Monday.

A: Can I have the book for a few more days?

B: No. Books borrowed should be returned within one week.

A: Is there any way to keep this book for around 10 days?

B: Well, I'm afraid there isn't. You'll just have to renew the book for another week.

 ①What date is it? ② When is this book due? ③ I'd like to return this book. ④ This book can be checked out in due form, right?

in due form                  정식으로, 제대로,           when is this book due?    책 마감기간이 언제에요?

②                              As long as you promise to go easy on me.             ~를 관대하게 대하다

문 5.

A: Are you ready to go to the party, Amy?

B: I don't know whether I can go. I'm feeling a little sick, and my dress is really not that nice. Maybe you should just go without me.

A: Come on, Amy. Stop ____________. I know you too well. You're not sick. What is the real root of the problem?

① shaking a leg ② hitting the ceiling ③ holding your horses ④ beating around the bush

shake a leg                   빨리빨리 움직여라          hit the ceiling                격노하다

hold your horses            흥분하지 마라               beat around the bust      둘러 말하다

④                                                                tear down                    헐다, 해제하다

pull out of                    철수하다, 손을 떼다        fix dinner                     저녁 식사를 준비하다

beat one’s brains           머리를 짜내다               weigh the consequences 결과를 신중히 고려하다

hit 관련 표현은 ↓↓↓↓↓↓↓

2018/08/22 - [공무원 시험/공무원 영어 기출] - 2017 경찰 영어 1차 기출문제 및 정답/ 단어/ 첨삭본- hit 관련 표현

해설 포함☞☞☞

생활영어 국가직 문제, 정답.pdf

Strength and growth come only through continuous effort and struggle. 

-Napoleon Hill

기상직 9급영어 기출문제

2018년부터 2015까지

통합본& 각 기출

「기출문제」

기상직 9급영어 기출문제

2018년부터 2015까지

통합본& 각 기출

2018~2015 기상직 9영어.pdf

17 기상 9 영어 (2).pdf

16 기상9 영어 (3).pdf

15 기상9 영어 (4).pdf

18 기상 9영어 (1).pdf

기상직 9급 

정답

2018: 23142 / 13443 / 21213 / 44213

2017: 44341 / 32124 / 11432 / 13342

2016: 42322 / 42431 / 41212 / 43133

2015: 33122 / 41431 / 24312 / 12341

문제

여경 영어-17.pdf

단어

2017 여경 영어단어&amp;문장.pdf

정답은 아래

flamboyant                   현란한, 화려한                          impending                    임박한

raucous                       목쉰 소리의, 귀에 거슬리는         anguish                       고통

empathy                       감정 이입                                dilapidate                     황폐한, 초라한

have an itch                  ~하고 싶어 못 견디다                harness                        이용하다

sooth                          달래다, 진정시키다                    preen                          부리로 다듬다

dilatory                       미적거리는, 지체시키는               be liable to                   ~하기 쉽다

cajole                          속이다                                    coat                            덮다

coin                            신조어를 짓다                          make compensations       보상하다

border                         가장자리를 이루다                     indolence                     게으름, 나태함

plastic                         형태를 바꾸기 쉬운,가소성의       plasticity                      적응성

take notes                    메모하다                                 take note of                  주목하다

dismiss                        해체하다, 버리다                       guilt                           죄의식

lament                        슬퍼하다, 비탄하다                    exasperate                    몹시 화나게 하다

foster                          조성하다, 발전시키다                 speculation                   추측

One of the major factors which have contributed to the development of our society is that we have learned to harness some of the sources of energy found in nature. The ability to do this has provided us with machines capable of converting energy taken from natural sources into useful mechanical work, and the possession of such machines is now essential to the maintenance of our civilization. 

Of the two great influences that make humans what they are, heredity and environment, environment is undoubtedly the more powerful.

[of~,]가 문두에 오면, ‘~중에’라고 해석

Despite mounting evidence, many people refuse to accept this theory because they equate it with environmental determinism, a theory that claims that climate determines character―for instance, that tropical climates foster indolence.

정답: 11241 / 33341 / 24423 / 34422

국가직 7급 영어문법 모음(인쇄절약용)

국가직 7급 영문법(2016^F2007) 문제.pdf

국가직 7급 영문법(2016^F2007) 문제-정답.pdf

푸는 방법.  번호 마다 ox해 본다- 정답은 틀린 부분 옳게 고침.

<2016>문 6.  The corals are the foundation of an ecosystem ①increasingly damaging by fishing nets, but scientists know ②very little about the ③slow-growing life-forms because they are somewhat difficult ④to reach. 

문 7.  Much of the debate over police drones in the United States ①has been over privacy. However, a new concern has come to light: the threat of hackers. Last year, security researcher Nils Rodday claimed he could take over a drone that ②cost between $30,000 and $35,000 ③used just a laptop and forty dollars' ④ worth of special equipment. 

※ 어법상 옳지 않은 것을 고르시오. [문 8～문 9] 문 8. ① I met a student yesterday in the cafeteria who said she knew you. ② Even though Tim is your friend, he isn't to be trusted with other people's money. ③ We suggest you to take a copy of the final invoice along with your travel documents. ④ Surprisingly, she didn't have any objections to make to the proposal. 

문 9. ① Hardly had the new recruits started training when they were sent into battle. ② Disagreements over the treaty arose among the indigenous peoples of Africa. ③ If I had enough money, I would have bought a fancy yacht. ④ Do you want me to come with you, or do you want to go alone? 

문 10. 우리말을 영어로 가장 잘 옮긴 것은? ① 어떤 교수의 스타일에 적응하는 데는 항상 시간이 좀 걸 린다. →Time always takes little to tune in on a professor's style. ② 나는 마지막 순간까지 기다렸다가 밤 을 새우는 데 익숙해있다. →I'm used to waiting until the last minute and staying up all night. ③ 그 수학 문제는 너무 어려워서 그 학생이 답을 할 수 없었다. →The math question was too tough for the student to answer it. ④ 나는 너무 많은 시간의 힘든 일로 정말 지쳤다. →Too many hours of hard work really tired of me. 

문 11. 우리말을 영어로 잘못 옮긴 것은? ① 많은 사람들이 아파서 회의가 취소되었다. →With many people ill, the meeting was cancelled. ② 이것은 우리가 예상했던 것만큼 그렇게 간단한 문제는 아니다. →It is not so straightforward a problem as we expected. ③ 학생들이 몇 개의 가방을 가지고 탑승할 건 가요? →How many bags are the students carrying on board with them? ④ 아무런 해명도 없었다. 사과는 말할 것도 없고. →No explanation was offered, still more an apology. 

<2015> 문 1. 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 옳지 않은 것은? 

As Gandhi stepped ①aboard a train one day, one of his shoes slipped off and landed on the track. He was unable to retrieve it as the train was moving. To the amazement of his companions, Gandhi calmly took off his other shoe and threw it back along the track ②to land close to the first. Asked by a fellow passenger ③why he did so, Gandhi smiled. "The poor man who finds the shoes ④lied on the track," he replied, "will now have a pair he can use." 

문 4. 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 옳은 것은?  Russian military vehicles crossed the border into Ukraine on Thursday, ①prompted a skirmish between Ukrainian and Russian forces, acting Ukrainian Interior Minister Arsen Avakov said. According to Avakov, tanks crossed the border at a checkpoint ②controlled by proRussian separatists in the Luhansk region of eastern Ukraine. Armored vehicles and artillery were part of 

the columns, Avakov said, ③cited Ukrainian intelligence. The incident ④ was occurred in the midst of Ukrainian leaders' campaign of violence against people living in the largely pro-Russian east. 

문 8. 우리말을 영어로 가장 잘 옮긴 것은? ① 이 가벼운 골프 카트는 접어서 내 차량 트렁크에 넣을 수 있다. →This lightweight golf cart will fold and fit in the trunk of my car. ② 아놀드는 새로운 사업 아이디 어들을 가지고 있는 소수의 젊은이들 중 하나이다. →Arnold is one of handful youngsters with ideas for a new business. ③ 교육문제는 사회구성원들의 합의에 바탕을 두어 해결되어야 한다. →Educational problems should solve upon the agreement of the society members. ④ 그 강의 시리즈는 재무 문제를 다루는 데 익숙하지 않은 사람들을 대상으로 한다. →The lecture series are intended for those who are not used to deal with financial issues. 

문 9. 우리말을 영어로 잘못 옮긴 것은? ① 남에게 의존하지 말고 너 자신이 직접 그것을 하는 것이 중 요하다. →It is important that you do it yourself rather than rely on others. ② 은행 앞에 주차된 내 차가 불법 주차로 인해 견인되었다. →My car, parked in front of the bank, was towed away for illegal parking. ③ 토요일까지 돈을 갚을 수 있다면, 돈을 빌려줄게. →I'll lend you with money provided you will pay me back by Saturday. ④ 만약 태풍이 접근해오지 않았었더라면 그 경기가 열렸을 텐데. →The game might have been played if the typhoon had not been approaching. 

문 15. 다음 중 어법상 옳은 것은? ① Sharks have been looked more or less the same for hundreds of millions of years. ② "They have evolved through time to improve upon the basic model," says John Maisey, a paleontologist who helped identify the fossil. ③ The skeleton supporting this ancient shark's gills is completely different from those of a modern shark's. ④ Previously, many scientists had been believed that shark gills were an ancient system that predated modern fish. 

<2014>  

문 3. 어법상 옳지 않은 것은? ① Two hours from now, the hall will be empty. The concert will have ended. ② The lab test helps identify problems that might otherwise go unnoticed. ③ The police found an old coin which date had become worn and illegible. ④ Tom made so firm a decision that it was no good trying to persuade him. 

※ 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 옳지 않은 것을 고르시오. [문 4～문 6]  

문 4. The Netherlands now ①becomes the only country in the world to allow the mercy killing of patients, though there are some strict conditions. ②Those who want medical assistance to die ③ must be undergone unbearable suffering. Doctor and patient must also agree there is no hope of remission. And ④a second physician must be consulted. 

문 5. 

①Unable to do anything or go anywhere while my car ②was repairing at my mechanic's garage, I suddenly ③came to the realization that I had become ④overly dependent on machines and gadgets. 

문 6. 

A Civil Service career is your chance ①to begin a journey ②where the things that you accomplish on a daily basis can make a difference in the world. From improving trade opportunities for U.S. businesses, to monitoring human rights issues, ③to providing management supervision, you can use your skills in a Civil Service career to directly impact foreign policy issues or uphold the business practices and processes ④involving in supporting the U.S. Department of State's diplomatic efforts. 

문 13. ① 누가 엿들을까봐 그는 목소리를 낮추었다. → He lowered his voice for fear he should not be overheard. ② 그녀는 그 계획을 계속 따라 갈 사람이 결코 아닐 것이다. → She would be the last person to go along with the plan. ③ 고위 간부들은 일등석으로 여행할 자격이 있다. → Top executives are entitled to first class travel. ④ 일하는 것과 돈 버는 것은 별개의 것이다. → To work is one thing, and to make money is another. 

문 14. ① 그녀는 가족과 함께 있을 때 가장 행복하다. → She is happiest when she is with her family. ② 사고 후 그는 왼손을 사용하는 데 익숙해지고 있었다. → He was getting accustomed to using his left hand after the accident. ③ 내 급우들 중 3분의 2가 졸업 후 직장을 알아볼 예정이다. → Two thirds of my classmates are going to look for jobs after graduation. ④ 책임감이 그로 하여금 결국 자신을 희생하 게 한 위험한 일을 맡도록 재촉하였다. → His sense of responsibility urged him to undertake the dangerous task which he eventually sacrificed himself. 

문 15. ① 21세기 말까지 과학이 얼마나 발전할지 알 수 없다. → There is no knowing how far science may progress by the end of the twenty first century. ② 하등 동물은 그 조건 하에서 생존하기 위해 신체 적 구조를 바꾸지 않을 수 없다. → The lower animals must have their bodily structure modified in order to be survived under the conditions. ③ 지갑에 돈이 없었기 때문에 그는 10 킬로미터 이상을 걸어가지 않을 수 없었다. → Having no money in his wallet, he had no choice but to walk more than ten kilometers. ④ 그녀는 약간 모호하게나마 빠른 시간 안에 부채를 상환할 것이라는 취지의 말을 하였다. → She was a little vague but said something to the effect that she would repay the loan very soon. 

<2013>  

문 1. 밑줄 친 부분에 주어진 동사의 올바른 형태들로 묶인 것은? 

The moral wisdom of the Black community is extremely useful in ㉠defy oppressive rules or standards of "law and order" that degrade Blacks. It helps Blacks purge themselves of self-hate, thus ㉡assert their own validity. 

① defying /asserted ② defying /asserting ③ defied /asserting ④ defied /asserted 

※ 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 옳지 않은 것은? [문 2～문 3] 

문 2. Eli Broad, the billionaire financier and philanthropist, ①who has private collection of some 2,000 works of modern and contemporary art is one of the most sought-after by museums ② nationwide, has decided ③ to retain permanent control of his works in an independent foundation that ④makes loans to museums rather than give any of the art away. 

문 3. A final way to organize an essay is to ① proceeding from relatively simple concepts to more complex ones. By starting with generally ② accepted evidence, you establish rapport with your readers and assure them that the essay is ③ firmly grounded in shared experience. In contrast, if you open with difficult material, you risk ④confusing your audience. 

문 4. 어법상 옳은 것은? 

①  The elite campus-based programs which he will be taking it next semester are scheduled to be extremely difficult. 

②  That happens in a particular period does not have any significant effects on the long-term investors in the stock market. 

③  The newly built conference room, though equipped with more advanced facilities, accommodates fewer people than the old one. 

④  With such a diverse variety of economical appliances to choose from, it's important to decide what it is best. 

문 8. 우리말을 영어로 바르게 옮긴 것은? ① 우리가 공항에 도착할 무렵, 비행기는 이미 이륙했다. →By the time we had arrived at the airport, the flight already took off. ② 당신이 바쁘지 않으면 오늘 저녁에 당신 집에 들르겠다. →I'll drop by your place this evening lest you should be busy. ③ 그녀가 콘서트에 왔 었다면 좋아했을 것이다. →Had she come to the concert, she would have enjoyed it. ④ 그는 의사로서 자 질이 없다. →He is cut out to be a doctor. 

문 9. 우리말을 영어로 잘못 옮긴 것은? ① 그는 빚을 갚고 나니 먹고 살아갈 수가 없게 되었다. →The payment of his debts left him nothing to live on. ② 사람의 가치는 재산보다도 오히려 인격에 있다. →A person's value lies not so much in what he is as in what he has. ③ 나이를 먹음에 따라, 이 속담의 의미 를 분명히 알게 될 것이다. →As you grow older, you will come to realize the meaning of this saying clearly. ④ 그들은 물이 부족했으므로 가능한 적게 마셨다. →They were short of water, so that they drank as little as possible. 

문 10. 다음 우리말을 영어로 가장 잘 옮긴 것은? 

나는 불가피한 사정으로 그 일을 착수할 수밖에 없었다. 

① I could not undertake the work because of unavoidable circumstances. ② I could avoid the circumstances, but I did not undertake the work. ③ Unavoidable circumstances prevented me from setting about the work. ④ Unavoidable circumstances led me to set about the work. 

<2012> 

문 4. Each contestant will sing with a different partner each week, and judges, who have not yet __________, will offer guidance and critiques while deciding who will advance to the next round. 

①  named ② naming ③ been named ④ been naming 

문 5.  They speak openly about their life at home, hopes for the future, how they got through the past year, and ___________ they plan to honour the memory of their Wildlife Warrior. 

① that ② how ③ as if ④ as 

※ 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 옳지 않은 것을 고르시오. [문 6～문 7] 문 6. When the Dalai Lama fled across ①the Himalayas into exile in the face of ②advancing Chinese troops, ③little did the youthful spiritual leader know ④ what he might never see his Tibetan homeland again. 

문 7. 

Any manager of a group that wants to achieve a meaningful level of acceptance and commitment to ① a planned change must present the rationale for the contemplated change as ②clear as possible and provide opportunities for discussion ③to clarify consequences for those who will ④be affected by the change. 

문 10. ① 그렇게 하느니 차라리 하지 않는 것이 좋다. → You would be better not to do it at all than to do it that way. ② 그는 새로운 정책이 모든 노동자들을 위해 이행되어야 한다고 제안했다. → He suggested that the new policy be implemented for all workers. ③ 너의 꿈을 추구하기 위해 학위를 가져 야 할 필요는 없다. → You don't have to have a degree to pursue your dream. ④ 전 세계에서 Bolt보다 빠른 사람은 없다. → No other man is faster than Bolt in the whole world. 

문 11. ① 예의상 나는 그녀의 제안을 거절할 수 없었다. → For courtesy's sake I couldn't but refuse her offer. ② 몸무게 증가가 이 치료법의 또 다른 부작용이다. → Weight gain is another side effect of this treatment. ③ 그 책이 있었다면, 너에게 빌려줄 수 있었을 텐데. → Had I had the book, I could have lent it to you. ④ 사람들은 공공장소에서의 흡연자들을 덜 용인하고 있다. → People are less tolerant of smokers in public places. 

문 12. 다음 우리말을 영어로 가장 잘 옮긴 것은? Thomas Edison은 “계속해서 노력하는 한 실패는 없다” 라는 말을 믿었고, 한 가지 실험에 성공하기까지 수백 번의 실패를 거듭했다. ① Thomas Edison believed, “There is no failure by you fail to keep trying,” and he experienced hundreds of failed experiments for each success. ② Thomas Edison believed, “There is no failure by you fail to keep trying,” and he experienced hundreds failed experiments for each success. ③ Thomas Edison believed, “There is no failure until you fail to keep trying,” and he experienced hundreds failed experiments for each success. ④ Thomas Edison believed, “There is no failure until you fail to keep trying,” and he experienced hundreds of failed experiments for each success. 

<2011> 

문 4. 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 옳지 않은 것은? 

A few weeks earlier I had awoken just after dawn to find the bed beside me ①empty. I got up and found Jenny sitting in her bathrobe at the glass table on the screened porch of our little bungalow, bent over the newspaper with a pen in her hand. There was ②nothing unusual about the scene. Not only ③were the Palm Beach Post our local paper, it was also the source of half of our household income. We were a 

two-newspapercareer couple. Jenny worked as a feature writer in the Post's “Accent” section; I was a news reporter at the ④competing paper in the area, the South Florida SunSentinel, based an hour south in Fort Lauderdale. 

문 5. 다음 중 문법적으로 옳지 않은 것은? ① Housewives came to count on certain brands of goods, which advertisers never allowed them to forget. ② It is not true that prosperity must be equated with ‘gentle’ inflation⎯whatever that means. ③ The child sits quietly, schooled by the hazards to which he has been earlier exposed. ④ The premature aged wife was coming to be the exception rather than the rule. 

문 7. ① 그는 제 나이로 보이기 시작한다. → He is beginning to look his age. ② 강도가 문을 열려고 할 때 경보장치가 울렸다. → The alarm went off when the burglar tried to open the door. ③ 그것은 볼품은 없지만 편하다. → It's not much to look but it's comfortable. ④ 간단명료하게 말하자면, 이것은 시간 낭 비이다. → To put it in a nutshell, this is a waste of time. 

문 8. ① 너는 내일까지 출발을 연기하는 편이 좋겠다. → You'd better delay your departure until tomorrow. ② 내 딸은 아직 학교에 갈 나이가 안 되었다. → My daughter is not yet old enough to go to school. ③ 너를 더 자주 만났으면 좋겠다. → I hope to see more of you. ④ 내가 집을 나서자마자 비가 오기 시작했 다. → I had hardly left home than it began to rain. 

문 9. 주어진 우리말을 영어로 가장 잘 옮긴 것은? 

내가 처음 결혼했을 때를 돌이켜 보면, 정말 많은 실수를 했다고 생각해. 

① To think back to when I was first married, I realize that I made a lot of mistakes. ② To think back to when I first married, I realize that I have made a lot of mistake. ③ Thinking back to when I was first married, I realize that I made a lot of mistakes. ④ Thinking back to when I first married, I realize that I have made a lot of mistake. 

<2010> 

문 14. 어법상 옳지 않은 것은? 

① I want to have a beer. 

② Are all the cattle in? 

③ I need an advice for my business. 

④ I really need some money. 

※ 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 옳지 않은 것을 고르시오. [문 15∼문 17] 

문 15. Your memory is a brilliant but unreliable computer storing a vast amount of information. In fact, the memory’s capacity ①is theoretically unlimited. The brain can record more than 86 billion bits of information every day, and our memories ②can probably hold 100 trillion bits in a lifetime. Nevertheless, only about 20 percent of our daily experience ③is registered, and of that only a tiny proportion ④loads into long-term memory. 

문 16.  Though ①admiring critics speak of him sometimes as ②“manly” or ③ “courageously,” he is actually timid almost to the point of burlesque ─the anti-type of the ④foolhardy Tom.   

문 17.  Bananas contain resistant starch which research ①shows ②block conversion of some carbohydrates into fuel, ③boosting fat burning by ④forcing your body to rely on fat stores instead ─a sure aid to sustainable weight loss. 

※ 우리말을 영어로 잘못 옮긴 것을 고르시오. [문 18∼문 19] 

문 18. ① 경찰은 그 문서들을 찾기 위해 가택 수색을 했다.→ The police searched the documents in the house. 

②우리가 돈을 낭비하고 있다는 것은 지나친 말입니다.→ It’s too much to say we are wasting money. 

③이 사고로 인한 손해는 모두 당신이 보상한다고 약속해주십시오.→ I want you to promise to compensate me for all the damage caused by this accident. 

④ 당신은 요점에서 벗어나고 있습니다.→ You are straying from the point. 

문 19. ① 그는 여행하는 동안 어디에서 머물지 결정하지 않았다.→ He hasn’t decided where to stay during his trip. 

② 그녀는 살을 빼기 위해 점점 더 적게 먹기 시작했다.→ She started to eat less and less to lose weight. 

③ 민지네 가족은 벌써 파리로 이사갔니?→ Has Minji’s family moved to Paris yet? 

④ 우리가 지금 방학 중이라면 좋을 텐데.→ I wish that we are on vacation now. 

문 20. 주어진 우리말을 영어로 가장 잘 옮긴 것은? 

과거에는 사업가들이 새로운 회사를 시작하기 위해서 자본을 필요로 할 때 두드릴 문이 별로 없었다. 

①  In the past, entrepreneurs had few doors to knock on if they needed capital to start a new company. 

②  In the past, entrepreneurs have had a few doors to knock on if they needed capital to start a new company.  

③ In the past, entrepreneurs had a few doors to knock when they had needed capital to start a new company. 

④ In the past, entrepreneurs have had few doors to knock when they had needed capital to start a new company. 

<2009> 

문 1. Founded in 1960 to gain greater control over the price of oil, ___________ the main Arabic oilproducing countries. 

①OPEC consists of ② OPEC which consists of ③ what OPEC consists of ④ which OPEC consisting of 

문 2. Carefully produced, ____________ , a newsletter can vary the usual pace of information delivery and promote dialogue, involvement, and loyalty. 

① while the needs and interests of those contacting in mind ② and the needs and interests of those contact in mind ③ the needs and interests of those contact in mind ④ with the needs and interests of those being contacted in mind 

문 8. ① 대학은 학생들이 수강신청을 좀 더 쉽게 할 수 있도록 해줘야 한다 . → The university should make it easier for students to register for classes. ② 부모는 자녀들에게 낯선 사람과 이야기하지 말라고 항상 가르쳐 왔다. → Parents have always taught their children not to talk to strangers. ③ ‘해리포터’의 엄 청난 수치에도 불구하고, 일부 분석가들은 그것이 ‘타이타닉’을 대적하지 못할 것이라고 전망했다. → Despite of Harry Potter 's tremendous figures, some analysts predicted they could not match The Titanic . ④ 나는 시장에서 지갑 도둑들을 조심하라고 들었다. → I was told to watch out for purse thieves at the market. 

문 9. ① 그 방법이 통하지 않았기 때문에 나는 학생들에게 나를 따라 반복하도록 했다. → As the method didn't work, I had the students repeat after me. ② 당신이 필요로 하지 않는 물건을 구입하는 것 은 단지 돈 낭비일 뿐이다. → It is just a waste of money buying things you can dispense without. ③ 조 난선 승무원들은 해안 경비대와 연락을 시도하려고 애를 썼다. → The crew of the wrecked ship tried to get through to the coast guard. ④ 경제가 바닥을 쳤으므로 지금부터 경제가 호전될 것이라고 기대할 수 있다. → The economy hit bottom, so we can expect it will improve from now on. 

문 10. ① 나는 딸이 여섯 살일 때 나눗셈을 가르쳤다. → I taught my daughter how to do division at the age of six. ② 복면을 쓴 강도들이 쳐들어와서 8,000달러를 가지고 도망쳤다. → Mask robbers broke off and ran away with $8,000. ③ 회사를 지배하려고 한 그의 노력은 실패했다. → He failed in his attempt to take control of the company. ④ 그 식당은 매우 인기가 있으니 미리 예약을 하렴. → Do book ahead as the restaurant is very popular. 

문 15. 밑줄 친 부분 중 문법적으로 옳지 않은 것은? 

What you will probably not be able to do is ①to arrive at a single, unified, objective, literal ②understanding of that subject matter that ③do full justice to all aspects of the concept. The study of time, even within the limits of the metaphorical concepts we have, is ④ an enormously useful enterprise. 

문 16. 다음 중 문법적으로 옳지 않은 것은? ① Had the computer parts been delivered earlier, we could have been able to complete the project on time. ② In spite of the fact that he is generally sincere and honest, the head is not likely to forgive his fault this time. ③ The maintenance team has completely upgraded our system's software, but whether it protects us from these new computer viruses is another matter. ④ His forecasts of the economy are much more positive than that of many analysts, who fear the country is going into a recession. 

<2008> 

문  1. ① Do you think who the speaker is? ② Do you realize how far is it to Hawaii? ③ I'm having a real problem figuring out that I want. ④ If he had not died in the war, he would be forty now. 

문  2. ① If a man you met the night before and made the worst impression on you loses no time in telephoning you the very next morning, be as busy as possible. ② When I take into consideration all the factors involved, I have neither the inclination nor the insensitivity to interfere. ③ There are usually more men in your life whom you would like to get rid of as those whom you are dying to meet. ④ If you don't mind impolite, you can even say that you have to write a letter or take the dog for a walk. 

※ 어법 상 가장 어색한 것을 고르시오. [문 3～문 4] 문  3. ① Who that is rich could do such a stingy thing? ② Every person at the meeting is fond of the idea. ③ Tom was seen to come out of the room by them. ④ My husband has been busy to work out his project. 

문  4. 

It seems to me that I can ①hardly pick up a magazine nowadays ②without encountering someone's views on our colleges. ③Most of the writer are critical; they contend that the colleges are not doing a good job, and they question the value of a college education. ④ Less often, a champion arises to argue that a college degree is worthwhile. 

문  9. ① 우리는 결혼한 지 10년 되었다. → It is 10 years since we got married.  

② 그녀는 분수에 넘치는 생활을 하고 있다.→ She is living beyond her means. 

③ 자신의 가정을 사랑하지 않는 사람이 누가 있겠는가?→ Who is there but loves his own home? 

④ 이것은 깨지기 쉬우니 깨뜨리지 않도록 조심해라.→ Since this is fragile, be careful lest you should not break it. 

문 10. ① 어머니는 지갑을 잃어버렸기 때문에 그날 내내 기분이 언짢으셨다. 

→ All that day my mother was out of bad humor as she lost her wallet. 

①  이 책은 지구 온난화의 결과로 일어날 것 같은 기후 변화들에 대해서 주로 다루고 있다. 

→ This book is mainly concerned with climate changes that are likely to take place as a result of global  

warming. 

③ 길모퉁이에 우연히도 경찰관이 있어서, 나는 그에게 길을 물어볼 수 있었다. 

→ There happened to be a policeman on the corner, so I could ask him the way. 

④ 그가 직면한 임무는 그의 선임자가 직면했던 것과 다르지 않다. 

→ The task which confronts him is not different from that which faced his predecessor. 

<2007> 

문 1. 문법적으로 옳지 않은 것은? ① She runs on average 15 miles a day, whatever the circumstances, whatever the weather. ② Everybody who goes into this region, whomever they are, is at risk of being taken hostage. ③ He moved carefully over what remained of partition walls. ④ Whichever fitness classes you opt for, trained instructors are there to help you. 

문 2. 문법적으로 옳은 것은? ① Bush was elected the President of the United States. ② He caught me by my arm. ③ It has passed three years since my father died. ④ The concert is on channel 6 live from Carnegie Hall. 

※ 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 옳지 않은 것을 고르시오. [문 3～문 4] 문 3. Needless to say, it is a privilege to ①address to such a prominent audience like you all. I came back home for the first time in ten years simply for this presentation. I could not escape from my duty to present a detailed report to you, significant opinion leaders of our society, ②any more than I ③could escape from my duty to ④persevere in what I have been doing abroad. 

문 4. Now, however, ①the energy risks so apparent in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina have created both the urgency and the political opportunity ②for the nation's leaders to respond appropriately. The government must ③capitalize on the end of the era of perpetually cheap gas, and it must do so ④in a way such that makes America less vulnerable to all manner of threats. 

문 8. 다음 우리말을 영어로 가장 잘 옮긴 것은? 

대부분의 사람들이 생각하는 것과는 달리, 한국 사람들이 미국비자를 받기는 그다지 어렵지 않다. 

① It is not very hard for Koreans' obtaining a U.S. visa, against most people believe. ② Unlike what most people believe, it is not very tough for Koreans to obtain a U.S. visa. ③ Contrary with most people's beliefs, getting a U.S. visa is not very hard for Koreans to obtain. ④ Koreans are not very difficult whether they obtain a U.S. visa, as opposed to most people's thinking. 

문 9. 다음 중 우리말을 영어로 잘못 옮긴 것은? ① 그는 머리가 둔하다기보다는 교육을 받지 못했다. → He is not so much unintelligent as uneducated. ② 그가 배움을 갖기에 너무 늙은 것은 아니다. → He is not too old to learn. ③ 지금쯤 잠자리에 들었어야 할 시간이다. → It is time you went to bed. ④ 그는 우 리에게 했던 무례한 행동으로 후회하고 있다. → He is regrettable for his rude behavior to us. 

문 11.밑줄 친 ㉠, ㉡에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 것은? A: So what exactly did you do over the summer? B: We worked as volunteers at Glacier National Park. A: I've never been there. What's it ㉠ ? B: It's beautiful. There are mountains and lakes, animals . . . and, of course, glaciers! A: Wow! That ㉡ sound exciting. Maybe I should apply. ㉠ ㉡ ① look does ② like does ③ look did ④ like certainly 

★If 구문

일반론: if는 문장의 앞뒤 와도 상관없음. (앞에 올 경우 거의 컴마(,) 사용)

사용 3가지

1.     ~인지 아닌지

Ask John if he’s staying tonight.

I don’t know if I will be ready in time. (간접의문문일 때에는 will 사용)

14. 우리말을 영어로 가장 잘 옮긴 것은? 

① 나는 이 집으로 이사 온 지 3년이 되었다. →It was three years since I moved to this house. 

② 우리는 해가 지기 전에 그 도시에 도착해야 한다. →We must arrive in the city before the sun will set. 

③ 나는 그녀가 오늘 밤까지 그 일을 끝마칠지 궁금하다. →I wonder if she finishes the work by tonight. 

④ 그는 실수하기는 했지만, 좋은 선생님으로 존경받을 수 있었다. →Although making a mistake, he could be respected as a good teacher.

2.     조건 (시간과 조건의 부사절은 미래를 나타낼 때 현재를 사용)

If you get here before night, we can catch the early train.

If John didn’t come to work yesterday, he was probably ill.

I’ll give her your love if I see her.

3.     가정법 (wish도 마찬가지로 생각), (would는 if절에 거의 쓰이지 않는다)

가정법 무슨 시제하면, if절에 오는 시제라고 생각하고, 주절은 조동사의 형태 변화를 생각. (가정법 미래 제외)

가정법 과거와 과거완료, were to는 불가능한 상황을 가정할 때 사용.

1) 가정법 현재 : 현재나 미래에 가능한 상황을 나타낼 때 사용.

 If S(주어) + 현재, S + 조동사(will, can, may)

 If you study hard, you will pass the exam.

※ If S + 현재, S + 현재 : 일반적인 사실을 말할 때 사용.

If you heat the water to 100 degrees, it boils.

2) 가정법 과거 : 현재나 미래에 불가능한 상황을 나타낼 때 사용. (시제는 과거지만 의미는 현재)

 If S(주어) + 과거, S + 조동사의 과거형(would, should, could, might)

If I knew her name, I would tell you. (현재 모른다는 의미)

What would you do if you lost your job? (많이 쓰이는 일상 표현)

If I were rich, I would spend all my time travelling.(were, was 둘 다 상관없음)

※주어가 I, we의 경우 should 사용가능. 의미 would 동일(현대에서는 잘 쓰이지 않지만 참고)

If I knew her name, I should(=would) tell you.

If I married you, we should(=would) both be happy.

※could(=would be able to), might(=would possibly) 을 쓸 경우,  ‘가능했었을 텐데’, ‘아마 그랬을 텐데’ 의미를 띨 때 사용

She could get a better job if she could speak Korean.  (she could get= she would be able to get)

3) 가정법 과거 완료 : 과거에 불가능했던 과거 상황을 표현할 때 사용. 그 이외에 가정법과거와  논리 비슷)

 If  S + 과거 완료(had p.p), S + would/might/could have p.p

I didn't see you when you passed me in the street. If I'd seen you, of course I would have said hello.

If you had worked harder, you would have passed your exam.

If he’d run a bit faster, he could have won.

※가정법 과거와 과거 완료 비교

I'm not hungry. If I was hungry, I would eat something. (현재)

I wasn't hungry. If I had been hungry, I would have eaten something. (과거)

4) 가정법 미래: 사실 가정법 미래는 가정법 과거와 과거 완료의 의미를 생각해 보면 논리상 맞지 않음(과거, 과거 완료 논리라면 가정법 미래는 미래보다 더 미래에서 후회하는 의미를 나타내야 함) 다만, 우리나라에서 편의상 구분함.

가정법 미래는 미래에 일어나기 힘든 일을 나타낼 때 표현.

(1)   If  S + should/ happen to  : 가능성이 희박하지만 일어날 수 있는 상황을 표현.

If you happen to be in our area, drop in and see us.

If he should be late, we’ll have to start without him.

(2)   If  S + were to + 동사 : 가능성이 희박하여 불가능한 일을 표현

If the technology were to become available, we could be able to expand the business.

※ know, belong, doubt, enjoy, like, remember, understand (상태를 나타내는 (의미)동사) 일 때에는 were to 사용 불가

If I were to know they were honest, I’d gladly lend them the money. (X)

-> If I knew they were honest, I’d gladly lend them the money.

<정리>

※ If ~ will 사용

 주절의 결과를 나타낼 경우

I’ll give you $50 if I win the lottery. 나는 50달러를 줄 꺼야/ 내가 복권에 당첨된다면

 (복권이 먼저 당첨되야 50달러를 줄 수 있다)

I’ll give you $50 if it’ll help you to go on holiday. 나는 50달러를 줄 꺼야/ 50달러가 당신이 휴가가 데 도움이 된다면 (50달러를 줌으로써 그 결과 휴가 가는 데 도움이 준다)

이 외에도 다양한 용법과 쓰임새가 있으나, 이 정도만 해도 적당하다 (but 혼합가정법 공부 필요)

※가정법 도치

2018/08/31 - [영어공부/영어 일반 & 영어단어] - 영어 도치 구문(부정어 도치, 장소부사구 도치, 가정법 도치)

<Love는 4글자로 구성되어 있고/ 그러나 HATE도 마찬가지이다

Friends는 7글자로 구성되어 있고/ 그러나 Enemies도 마찬가지이다

Truth는 5글자로 구성되어 있고/ Lying도 마찬가지이다>

★such 

품사: 형용사

의미: (so와 비슷) 매우, 너무

명사를 앞에서 수식 (명사 앞에 형용사 나와도 상관없음. 결국 명사가 중심이기 때문에)

시험 어순: such a(n) 형용사 + 명사

They're such fools.

It was such good milk that we couldn't stop drinking it.

I've never met such a nice person.

※한정사+형용사+명사

no/any such claim (o)    There is no such person in the room.

no/any such a claim (x)     Any such claim will be immediately rejected.

★so      

품사: 부사

의미: ‘매우’  

형용사나 부사 앞에서 수식.

시험 어순: so 형용사 a(n) 명

2018/08/12 - [영어공부/영어 일반 & 영어단어] - 시험 출제 영어 어순, 문법 (such a 형 명, as 형 a 명, all, what , one of the...etc) -01

He is so kind.

Thank you so much.

The milk was so good that we couldn't stop drinking it.

Why do you talk so slowly?

It was so difficult a problem for her to solve.  (너무 ~해서 ~하다)

 이것은 너무 어려운 문제이다/ 그녀가 풀기에

There is so much to do.

so much, so many, so few, so little 암기

※비교급 강조할 때는 : so much만 가능. 

비교급 강조 다른 표현: even, much, still, far, a lot   

 I'm glad that you're feeling so much better. (so better X)

품사를 암기하면 어순을 쉽게 풀 수 있다. so의 경우 부사이기 때문에 형용사를 따로 수식(so 형용사)하고, 그 형용사가 명사를 수식(형용사 + 명사)하기 때문에 위와 같은 순서로 쓴다. 반면 such는 형용사이기 때문에 [such ( 형용사 명사)]를 수식한다. 

★so의 다른 용법: 도치

so를 사용하여 앞의 내용과 같은 의미를 받을 때, 다음과 같이 도치하여 사용. 

so + be동사/have동사/조동사/do동사+주어

I was full and so were the other people. 나는 배불렀고 그리고 나머지 다른 사람들도 마찬가지였다.

If I could publish a book, so can you. 내가 책을 출판할 수 있다면, 너도 마찬가지로 할 수 있다

Walking reduces the risk of stroke. Well, so does chocolate. 걷는 것은 뇌졸중 위험을 감소시킬 수 있고, 초콜릿 또한 마찬가지이다.

★much

1) ‘매우’, ‘ 많이’란 뜻 동사를 꾸밈.

2) ‘훨씬’ 비교급 꾸밈.

I much appreciate your advice.

She runs much faster than me.

★know ~를 알다

◎진행형 불가

I am knowing exactly what you mean. (X) (am knowing -> know)

◎know 목적어  : 직접적인 경험을 통해 얻은 지식을 말할 때

◎know about/of : 그 이외

You don’t know my uncle, do you?

We all know about King Sejong. [We all know King Sejong. (X)]

◎know how to

I know how to make Korean dishes.

◎know 목적어 to부정사

They knew him to be a dangerous criminal.

(They knew to be a dangerous criminal. X)

He was known to be a dangerous criminal.

◎know that 절

They knew that he was a dangerous criminal.

◎Know better     (~할 정도로) 어리석지는 않다; 분별력이 있다

He knows better than to judge by appearances. 

그가 외모로 사람을 판단할 정도로 어리석지는 않다

<08지7>문 12. 다음 영어를 우리말로 잘못 옮긴 것은?

① He is second to none in describing human character.＝ 인물의 성격묘사에 있어서 그는 아무에게도 뒤지지 않는다.

② The more you get, the more you want.＝ 가진 게 많으면 많을수록 더 갖고 싶어진다.

③ I've had it with my car breaking down all the time.＝ 나는 내 차가 항상 고장 나는 것을 감수해 왔다.

④ I know better than to mistake the means for the end.＝ 나는 본말전도를 하지 않을 정도의 분별력은 있다.

◎be known for: ~로 유명하다 = be famous for

◎be known to: ~로서 알려지다 (사람들이 사실이나, 발생한 상황, 어떤 사람의 특징을 알고 있을 때 사용)

◎be known as: ~로서 알려지다 (단순히 별명, 명칭을 나타낼 때 사용)

A daily intake of 20 mg of vitamin C is known to be sufficient in most cases to ward off scurvy.

She is known to be interested in pop music.

They are known to have spoken to the President about it.

And this is Terry, otherwise known as "Muscleman".

In some parts of the United States, the lynx is known as a puma.

An irrational fear, one that has no basis in experience, is known as a phobia.

Cambridge Dictionary 참고

[18국회8]11. Choose the one that is grammatically correct.

① Students apply as much commitment to the extracurricular activities as they do to their general subjects.

② She was born in the Addis Ababa province of northern Africa, an area known as its spectacular vistas.

③ It is never too early to start caring for the land you live and grow up. 

④ He had few winter clothing when he arrived at the camp. 

⑤ He reads storybooks to children who don’t access to TV.  

② 별명이나 명칭보다는 특징을 가리키므로 known for ③ you live in and grown up in  ④ clothing은 불가산, clothes  ⑤access는 타동사; 명사로 쓸 경우 have access to 

★essential 필수적인

◎essential for/to (전치사)

Formulating new strategies is essential for preparing the corporation to meet and sustain future needs.

Light is absolutely essential for the healthy development of plants.

He had acquired the skills essential to his later success in politics.

The river is essential for/to the region's economy.

Food is essential for/to life.

Using high quality materials is essential for/to achieving a good result.

Knowledge, skills, and creativity are essential to creating high-value products.

◎it is essential to do something : ~하는 데에 필수적이다.

It is essential to use the proper technique.

It's essential to arrive on time.

It is essential to research and protect your patent.

If you want to make major changes, it is essential to involve your staff.

◎it is essential (that): It is essential that all equipment is properly maintained.

It is essential our prices remain competitive.

◎essential reading :  필수적으로 읽어야할 것, 필독서

Her articles are essential reading for anyone interested in the war.

◎play an essential role/part in something : ~에 중요한 역할을 하다

She has always played an essential part in the smooth running of the business.

<17지방7>

문 8.

 In countries where religion ①has been closely identified with ②a people's culture, as in Hinduism and Islam, religious education has been essential ③to be maintained the society and ④its traditions.

③ (be maintained -> maintaining),  시험장에서는 'maintain 뒤에 목적어가 나오기 때문에, 수동태 틀림' 정도로 생각